ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDEX AND RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX

 ABSOLUTE  REFRACTIVE INDEX 

The absolute refractive index of a medium is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum and the speed of light in the medium.

Absolute refractive index = Speed of light in vacuum or air

                                                    Speed of light in the medium 

For example,

A.r.i of glass = speed of light in vacuum/speed of light in glass 

3×10⁸/2×10⁸= 3/2=1.5

Its value is equal or more than 1. For vacuum or air, its value is 1. So its minimum value is 1.

RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX 

The relative refractive index of a medium (a) with respect to another medium (b) is the ratio of speed of light in medium (b) and the speed of light in medium (a).

Relative refractive index of  (a) wrt (b)=Speed of light in medium (b)

                                                                        Speed of light in medium (a)

For example, 

r.r.i of glass with water=speed of light in water/speed of light in glass 

=2.25×10⁸/2×10⁸=9/8=1.1

r.r.i of water wrt to glass= speed of light in glass/speed of light in water

=2×10⁸/2.25×10⁸= 8/9=0.88

Its value can be less than 1, more than 1 or equal to 1

Why are inner pulleys in a block and tackle system smaller than others?

 Answer: 

Inner pulleys are smaller than others to eradicate the frictional force between the ropes and inner pulleys while in use.

Spanner has a long handle. Why?

Answer: When perpendicular distance between the force and the axis of rotation is large, smaller force is required to produce  the desired torque.

TERMINAL VOLTAGE

Terminal voltage of a dry cell is 1.3 V. It means that the cell can supply 1.3J of energy to move unit positive charge across its terminals in the external circuit connected to the cell.

EMF of a dry cell

Emf of a dry cell is 1.5 V. It means that the cell can supply 1.5 joule of energy to move 1 coulomb of charge all around the circuit ( outside and inside  the cell).

MCB

 MCB stands for 

a) miniature circuit board 

b) miniature circuit band

c) miniature circuit breaker

d) miniature circuit blocker

Ans: c

RADIOACTIVITY

Q1: What is radioactivity?

A:  The  phenomenon of spontaneous emission of alpha particle or beta particle and gamma rays  from an unstable nucleus is called radioactivity. 

 Q2: When does a nucleus  become unstable ?

A: When the number of neutrons become much more than that of protons.

Q3: Which part of the atom takes part in radioactivity ?

A: Nucleus

Q4: What happens to the radioactive behaviour of a radioactive sample if it is chemically oxidized ?

A: The radioactive behaviour does not change. As oxidation is the chemical change, it does not affect the nuclear activity.

Q5: How does the atomic number and mass number change if a radioactive nucleus releases one alpha particle ?

A: Atomic number decreases by 2 and mass number decreases by 4

Q6: How does the atomic number and mass number change if a radioactive nucleus releases one beta particle?

A: Atomic number increases by 1 and mass number does not change.

PENDULUM ON MOON

Q. If a simple pendulum is taken to the moon from the earth without changing the length, what is the effect on it's time period?

Ans: As the time period of a simple pendulum is inversely proportional to the square root of acceleration due to gravity and the acceleration due to gravity of the moon is less than that of the earth, time period increases (square root of 6 times)

FORCE ON CURRENT CARRIYING CONDUCTOR

 Q: Why does a current carrying conductor placed in an magnetic field experiences force ?

Ans: Moving charges experience force in magnetic field. So when a current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field,it experiences force due to the force on moving charges inside it.

The formula F=IBLsin@, I= Current,  B =external magnetic field 

L is the length of conductor inside the magnetic field.

MAXIMUM FORCE

When the  conductor is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field.

MINIMUM FORCE

When the conductor is placed parallel to the magnetic fields 

SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE PROPERTIES OF A SOUND

 Question: What are subjective and objective properties of sound ?

Answer : Subjective properties are basically the properties which can be measured directly. Loudness, pitch (shrillness) and quality(Timbre) of sound are subjective properties. But these properties  are related to the the measurable quantities  called objective properties. 

Objective properties are the properties which can be measured. Intensity,  Amplitude, frequency, wavelength,  time period, intensity, fundamental frequency,  subsidiary frequencies are objective properties. 

Loudness depends on amplitude,  intensity of the sound.

Pitch(shrillness) depends on frequency.

Quality (Timbre) depends on waveform( combination of primary and subsidiary notes).

LOUD SOUND IS HEARD DURING RESONANCE

 QUESTION: Why is loud sound heard at RESONANCE?

 ANSWER: Loud sound is heard at RESONANCE because  amplitude increases when external  frequency is equal or integral multiple of the natural frequency of vibrating body.

EFFECTIVE COOLANT - WATER

Water has high specific heat capacity 4200J/(Kg°C) so it can absorb large amount of heat without much rise in it's own temperature.

ISLANDS ENJOY MODERATE CLIMATE

 Islands or coastal areas enjoy moderate climate. Why?

Ans. Water has higher heat specific capacity than the land due to which there is the continuous formation of sea breeze and land breeze near the coastal areas. This keeps the temperature moderate.