What is SMOG?

Literally,  smoke + fog= smog.
Smoke is the collection of unburnt fuel particles suspended in the air.
Fog is the suspended water particles in the air.
The combination of these suspended particles gives the smog.

Sea Breeze...How is it formed?

theloveforphysics

Water has higher specific heat capacity* than that of land(sand) due to which water is heated at slower rate than the land. As the land is heated, the hot air above the land rises up  creating low pressure above the land. As the air above water is comparatively cooler than the air above the land , this air moves towards the land due to the pressure difference. This cool breeze blowing towards the land from sea is called sea breeze.

As heating is required for its formation,  sea breeze blows during day time.

* Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance by 1 K or 1°C.

CALORIMETER

It is a device to measure the heat lost or gained by one substance mixed with another at different temperature.
It is based on the principle of mixtures or principle of calorimetry.
Calorimeter is made of thin sheet of copper kept in a wooden jacket to with other insulating materials so that the process exchange heat by conduction is checked. Its surfaces are polished to check the process of radiation. Wooden or asbestos lid is used to minimise the loss of heat by convection.

Thin sheet is used to lower the heat capacity.

Temperature falls as altitude increases, Why?

The volume of rising warm air increases with height due the availability of more space above. This expansion (Joule-Thompson effect) results in cooling effect. Hence hillstations have low temperature. This phenomena helps in the formation of clouds and various forms of precipitation.